The intrinsic properties of metal NPs such as zinc oxide (ZnO), TiO2, and silver are mostly characterized by their size, composition, crystallinity, and morphology. The importance of zinc as a trace metal in the human body has long been overlooked. doi:10.1080/10934520600966177, Y. Xie, Y. Škapin, D. Uskoković, Morphology Controlled hydrothermal synthesis of ZnO particles and examination of their antibacterial properties on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacterial cultures, in Tenth Young Researchers’ Conference—Materials Science and Engineering, Belgrade, Serbia, 21–23 December 2011 (Institute of Technical Sciences of SASA, Belgrade, 2011), p. 62, V. Berry, A. Gole, S. Kundu, C.J. Each nanostructure has specific structural, optical, electrical, and physicochemical properties [29], permitting remarkable applications. World Health Organ 77(8), 651–666 (1999), Y.G. 1–2. Toxicol. A brief presentation of an experimental case study, carried by authors on antibacterial activity response to E. coli, was explored. Cell Dev. [52] considered that the determination of starting number of bacterial cells is very important in the antibacterial activity evaluation. This resulted in a 1:2 dilution of each ZnO concentration and a 1:2 dilution of the inoculums 5 × 105 CFU mL−1. This was referred to the size of ZnO (100–300 nm) which was larger (50–70 nm) than that used by Jones et al. 18(8), 939–944 (2008). Moreover, the UV illumination increased the percentage inhibition of bacteria (Fig. Marchin, K.J. Ag-loaded ZnO speculated as a new kind of precursor for inorganic antibacterial agents. Thus, developing novel antibacterial agents against bacteria strains, mostly major food pathogens, such as Escherichia coli O157:H, Campylobacter jejuni, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus faecalis, Salmonella types, and Clostridium perfringens, has become utmost demand. J. Appl. doi:10.1016/j.tiv.2009.05.015, T.J. Brunner, P. Wick, P. Manser, P. Spohn, R.N. When ZnO-NP kills or interacts with the cell membrane, the particles most probably stay firmly adsorbed at the surface of the left over/killed bacteria blocking additional antibacterial activity. Mostly, the selected method depends on the desired application, as different methods produce different morphologies and also different sizes of ZnO particles. Thus, the cell surface is negatively charged, interestingly, ZnO-NPs contain a positive charge in a water suspension [62]. [100] also proposed this electrostatic interaction between NPs and bacteria cell surface as a cause of growth inhibition, and that the total bacterial charge is negative, because of the excessive formation of separated carboxyl groups. Sci. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6968.2007.01012.x, R. Jalal, E.K. The structure is thermodynamically stable in an ambient environment [42], and usually illustrated schematically as a number of alternating planes of Zn and O ions stacked alongside the c-axis. ZnO internalization is controlled by the particle size, surface chemistry, defects, and functionalization. Int. J. Zahidi, M.R. Bradley, L. Mädler, Use of a rapid cytotoxicity screening approach to engineer a safer zinc oxide nanoparticle through iron doping. [84] increased the surface area of ZnO nanorods by annealing under oxygen and air to stimulate formation of nanoholes on the surface to increase the surface area, and on turn have caused high absorption and diffusion of oxygen molecules onto the surface upon UV light exposure, which consequently assisted in generating more ROS on the surface. Part of Springer Nature. J Agric Food Chem. Mater. Adams, D.Y. Antibacterial activity of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) has received significant interest worldwide particularly by the implementation of nanotechnology to synthesize particles in the nanometer region. 363(1), 1–24 (2011). 1–6. Chem. Additionally, cells were fixed to be viewed by FESEM to observe the bacterial morphological changes after treated with ZnO-NPs. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. Environ. Field emission scanning electron microscope, Electron spectroscopy imaging, by energy-filtered transmission electron microscopy (EFTEM), American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists, S. Sahoo, Socio-ethical issues and nanotechnology Van de Walle, Fundamentals of zinc oxide as a semiconductor. 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For instance, Padmavathy and Vijayaraghavan [12] suggested that the antibacterial action of ZnO-NPs is due to the membrane injury caused by defects such as edges and corners, which results from the abrasive surface of ZnO. Many pronounced applications are being currently explored in the biomedical and antiviral areas. This review covers the significant pharmaceutical and biological aspects of … Chem. Particles synthesized with their process exhibited strong luminescence with quantum yields as high as 42%. As such, both prokaryotes and eukaryotes including bacteria, fungi and yeast are exploited for the synthesis of ZnO NPs by using microbial cells or enzyme, protein and other … The induction of intracellular ROS generation can cause death and have been considered as a major ability of ZnO-NPs. doi:10.1364/BOE.2.003321, Y. Mishra, V. Chakravadhanula, V. Hrkac, S. Jebril, D. Agarwal, S. Mohapatra, D. Avasthi, L. Kienle, R. Adelung, Crystal growth behaviour in Au–ZnO nanocomposite under different annealing environments and photoswitchability. 5(10), 1675–1681 (2010). MBC is determined as the lowest concentration that showed no bacteria growth in the fresh medium, whereas MIC is the lowest NP concentration at which colonies are observed on the surface of the fresh medium. doi:10.1080/02652030110072722, K.L.  |  We gratefully appreciate the assistance of Microbiology Lab, School of Medical Sciences USM, where series of in vitro assays were conducted that emerged with this review. Goharshadi, M. Abareshi, M. Moosavi, A. Yousefi, P. Nancarrow, ZnO nanofluids: green synthesis, characterization, and antibacterial activity. Nanotechnology 23(47), 475703 (2012). study [50] was presented. Sci. These results were beneficial for medical application. The researchers treated these strains with 30 nm ZnO-NPs at low concentrations, which indicated complete inhibition of 100 % bactericidal (not bacteriostatic). 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Currently, it was found that Zn2+ of ZnO is capable to interact with protein and has a potential effect to HSV-1 pathogenesis [109]. Alloys Compd. ZnO nanostructures have been a subject of immense research owing to their multifunctional properties in diverse applications. Jeng, J. Swanson, Toxicity of metal oxide nanoparticles in mammalian cells. Kunisaki, T. Tsuchido, Mode of bactericidal action of silver zeolite and its comparison with that of silver nitrate. 14(10), 4172–4177 (2002). Chan, H.K. Int. 305(1), 85–95 (2015). In this technology, the pe… Consequently, the cytoplasm contains proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, salts, ions, and water (∼80 %). In both data sets, it is clear that the growth inhibition for the gram-negative bacteria clearly occurred at higher ZnO concentrations. Recently, Palanikumar et al. Klinger, G.L. microorganisms (Table 2). The fluorescence was determined by flow cytometry or microplate reader, the fluorescent intensity is proportional to the amount of ROS [116]. Wang, Zinc oxide nanostructures: growth, properties and applications. A goal of this review is to set a well-built reference for scientists interested in antibacterial activities along with their functional applications by considering nanotechnology principles as it relates to the nanobiological toxicity of ZnO-NPs. Appl. Synthesis of Zinc oxide nanoparticles from Marsdenia tenacissima inhibits the cell proliferation and induces apoptosis in laryngeal cancer cells (Hep-2). B 102, 21–28 (2013). Foodborne illnesses are an increasing major health problem in both developing and developed countries. [92] reported that ZnO-NPs inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus epidermidis in a size- and concentration-dependent manner. Thin Solid Films 516(12), 3893–3898 (2008). This result confirmed that the antibacterial activity also depended on the size, and it was probably due to the internalization and subsequent accumulation of NPs inside the cells until the particles reached the cytoplasmic region. Adv. While panels d–f show the inhibition viability, with ZnO-NPs of very small size (∼12 nm), that inhibited about 95 % of the growth with respect to the control (0 mM). 42, 4419–4421 (2007). [62] who referred some of the effect to a direct contact between NPs and the bacteria besides ROS generation nearby bacteria membrane. Fisher, S.S. Wong, Effect of morphology of ZnO nanostructures on their toxicity to marine algae. The transparent particles, which effectively filter out ultraviolet-a (UVA) and ultraviolet-b (UVB) light, are then coated with inert silicon or aluminum oxide layers and tend to clump together into groups that are 200 to 500 nanometers in diameter. The latter are capable to enter the membrane where they either damage or kill the bacteria. Concurrently, nanomaterials containing zinc, in particular zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs), are becoming Journal of Materials Chemistry B Recent Review Articles [13] showed that enhanced ZnO antibacterial activity was due to the increased ROS production from ZnO under UV exposure. Environ. Zinc oxide nanoparticles are well-known metal oxide nanoparticles having numbers of applications in the field of cosmetology, medicine, and chemistry. Raghupathi et al. This finding confirms that gram-positive bacteria are more susceptible to inhibition compared to gram-negative bacteria. [60] also attributed the disruption of the cell membrane to peroxidation of the unsaturated phospholipids as a result of photocatalytic prompted H2O2. 210–218, M. Ramani, S. Ponnusamy, C. Muthamizhchelvan, From zinc oxide nanoparticles to microflowers: a study of growth kinetics and biocidal activity. Sukon Phanichphantand, Antimicrobial nanomaterials in Investigations on antibacterial nanomaterials, mostly ZnO-NPs, would enhance the research area of nanomaterials, and the mechanisms and phenomenon behind nanostructured materials. Chem. Trends Food Sci. Sci. Zinc oxide can be called a multifunctional material thanks to its unique physical and chemical properties. Mahmood, M.T.Z. Thus, nanomaterials have witnessed recently significant importance in the basic and applied sciences as well as in bionanotechnology. In recent years, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) have gained tremendous attention attributed to their unique properties. Similarly, increasing the concentration of the ZnO dispersions to 10 mM with extended exposure time (30 min) has inhibited totally E. coli growth [36]. doi:10.1039/c3nr34254a, J.Y. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2008.12.025, J. Pasquet, Y. Basic Appl. Other specific properties are predicted to expand ZnO-NPs applications in several areas, particularly in catalysis and biomedicine. Leung et al. 274(15), 10119–10128 (1999). They show size-related properties significantly different from bulk materials [5]. J. Nanosci. 5a). Sci. ZnO-NPs can act as smart weapon toward multidrug-resistant microorganisms and a talented substitute approach to antibiotics. doi:10.1021/es102624t, J. Sawai, S. Shoji, H. Igarashi, A. Hashimoto, T. Kokugan, M. Shimizu, H. Kojima, Hydrogen peroxide as an antibacterial factor in zinc oxide powder slurry. The insolubility of ZnO impedes the distribution of zinc ions into the medium and thus limits this antimicrobial effect [118], unless ZnO capped or stabilized. Pacheco, K. Robbie, Nanomaterials and nanoparticles: sources and toxicity. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-015-0040-x, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-015-0040-x, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in 2(5–6), 161–166 (2010), M. E, Proceedings of the photoconductivity conference, photoconductivity conference, Atlantic City, Pennsylvania (4-6 Nov. 1956): John Wiley and Sons, Inc, New York (1956), I.S.J. Appl. J. Photochem. Zinc oxide nanoparticles are well-known metal oxide nanoparticles having numbers of applications in the field of cosmetology, medicine, and chemistry. Losada, B.D. Whereas, flower-shaped have revealed higher biocidal activity against S. aureus, and E. coli than the spherical and rod-shaped ZnO-NPs [77]. Panels a–c show the growth curves obtained from the readings of OD, till 8 h of incubation, at selected ZnO concentrations. Though, Pasquet et al. 2020 Nov 9;286:102317. doi: 10.1016/j.cis.2020.102317. ZnO-NPs are bactericidal and thus disrupt membrane causing membrane dysfunction, resulting in their internalization into the bacteria (Fig. doi:10.1016/j.aquatox.2011.01.014, J. Sawai, E. Kawada, F. Kanou, H. Igarashi, A. Hashimoto, T. Kokugan, M. Shimizu, Detection of active oxygen generated from ceramic powders having antibacterial activity. Lopez, J. Miltz, M.A. ZnO morphology is determined by the synthesis conditions as mentioned earlier. The physicochemical properties of ZnO-NPs and dissolved zinc species depend upon the medium components. Anal. Protection of food from microbial pollution is one of the main purposes in food packaging [140]. Food Res. Mater. Clemens, D. Swerdlow, P. Sansonetti, G. Adak, M. Levine, Global burden of Shigella infections: implications for vaccine development and implementation of control strategies. Eng. a EDS spectrum of E. coli in ZnO mixture, b FESEM micrographs of E. coli exposed to ZnO, arrows show ZnO particles on the bacteria surface, c untreated bacteria cells, d Such consistent results give a sign of possibly further mechanisms so far to be determined to produce reactive species without illumination and in dark. doi:10.1016/j.colsurfb.2014.02.017, H. Yang, C. Liu, D. Yang, H. Zhang, Z. Xi, Comparative study of cytotoxicity, oxidative stress and genotoxicity induced by four typical nanomaterials: the role of particle size, shape and composition. Toxicol. Colloids Surf. doi:10.1016/j.pnsc.2008.01.026, J. Zhang, Silver-coated zinc oxide nanoantibacterial Generally, it has been observed from the intensive studies held, that the antibacterial activity of ZnO can be verified under UV light as well as in the dark to inhibit the bacterial growth. The efficiency of ZnO-NPs against Salmonella was also tested at lower concentration. Its photoconductivity persists long after turning off the UV light, and it has been attributed to surface electron depletion region strongly associated to negative oxygen species (\({\text{O}}_{2}^{ - } ,\;{\text{O}}_{2}^{2 - }\)), adsorbed on the surface [65]. The photocatalysis is described as a photo-induced oxidation process that can damage and inactivate organisms [67]. 29(1), 69–78 (2009). In this regard, investigation of sensitive ROS detection probes has been of utmost importance and was carried by some researcher. Hafez, H.S. Finally, a concise discussion was made to an essential application of ZnO-NPs antibacterial activity as an antimicrobial agent against foodborne diseases and food packaging. 6e, f). 20(1), 59–64 (2013), B. Yalcin, S. Otles, Intelligent food packaging, http://www.logforum.net/vol4/issue4/no3. In addition to the aforementioned mechanisms, ZnO-NPs have abrasive surface texture which influences the antibacterial mechanism, which in sequence destroys the bacterial membrane [12]. by A. Méndez-Vilas (Formatex, Badajoz, 2011), pp. Today 10(5), 40–48 (2007). [69] and Padmavathy and Vijayaraghavan [12] as follows. Epub 2020 Jun 17. Special focus was given to mechanisms of action which come as the hottest issue in the antibacterial activity. findings [8]. doi:10.1088/1468-6996/9/3/035004, K.R. [34] carried a non-hydrolytic solution process using zinc acetate dihydrate to prepare ZnO-NPs. [128]. doi:10.1109/ICEOE.2011.6013309, M. Nirmala, M.G. doi:10.1016/S0922-338X(98)80165-7, A. Lipovsky, Y. Nitzan, A. Gedanken, R. Lubart, Antifungal activity of ZnO nanoparticles—the role of ROS mediated cell injury. Park, Y.H. Mater. [128] shown in Fig. It was found to exhibit higher antibacterial activities to E. coli under visible light or in the dark. Modifying ZnO-NPs surface area would establish the release of Zn2+ ions and enhance ROS production. Keywords: This review attempts to provide an overview of the fundamental principles of deagglomeration and stabilization of nanoparticles as well as describe the main processing steps volume 7, pages219–242(2015)Cite this article. Lu, Zinc oxide nanostructures: synthesis and properties. 40(19), 3527–3532 (2006). A possible research avenue is the combinations with other classes of antibacterial agents such as the application of ZnO-NPs as supporter of silver NPs, which are antibacterial agents that contain silver as precursor. Fan, J.G. This phenomenon induced the generation of ROS from ZnO surface, as described earlier. Currently, it has been found that greater antibacterial results could be achieved from ZnO morphologies of highly exposed (0 0 0 1)-Zn terminated polar facets [82]. Their findings revealed as well wide spectrum of antimicrobial activities of ZnO-NPs against various [125] varied the pH value of the starting reaction solution from 8 to 12 that enabled in changing the morphology from micro-rods to nano-spheres, resulting in an efficient bacteriostatic activity. ZnO and TiO 2 are used in sunscreens as nanoparticles, which denotes a size <100 nm. In the subsequent sections, we have discussed the factors affecting the antibacterial activity, including UV illumination, ZnO particle size, concentration, morphology, surface modifications by annealing, surface defects, and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). J. Environ. [123] studied the morphology-dependent dissolution of metal ions. While alternative studies reported the activity even in the dark [56, 74]. LEDs made using these ZnO nanoparticles emitted bright yellow light with efficacies reaching 64.2 lm/W. Human’s quest for innovation, finding solutions of problems, and upgrading the industrial yield with energy efficient and cost-effective materials has opened the avenues of nanotechnology. Intelligent packaging has intelligent functions, such as sensing, detecting, tracing, recording, and communicating [140]. Langmuir 24(8), 4140–4144 (2008). [41]. Similarly, it was found that ZnO-NPs antibacterial activity toward S. aureus and E. coli increases with decreasing the size [8, 12, 40]. Semin. An alternative way for surface modification can be attained by coating NPs with surface modifying reagents which trigger toxicity to bacteria, and can cause differences in Zn2+ ions release and ROS generation [85]. Nanotechnol. Characterization of ZnO-NPs is required to identify factors impacted stability such as particle size, pH solution, structural, morphological, and surface properties, these factors in turn have effect on the bioactivity. Yu, H. Sun, P.K.-H. Tam, J.-F. Chiu, C.-M. Che, Proteomic analysis of the mode of antibacterial action of silver nanoparticles. These new materials with improved antimicrobial properties permit also tracking of food during storage and transfer. Meanwhile, Reddy et al. The functions of this organelle include growth, metabolism, and replication. Adapted from Ozgur et al. Sunscreens are physical and chemical UV absorbers. The larger the surface area and the higher concentration of oxygen species on the surface can obtain greater antibacterial activity by smaller particles, which was in contrast to that of Franklin et al. Additionally, Brayner et al. Environ. Microbiol. In this regard, the shape of ZnO nanostructures can influence their mechanism of internalization such as rods and wires penetrating into cell walls of bacteria more easily than spherical ZnO-NPs [80]. These results are similar to those obtained by Díaz-Visurraga et al. Chem. Yusefi-Tanha E, Fallah S, Rostamnejadi A, Pokhrel LR. , 0.025, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, and exploration of materials in the areas of applications! Antibacterial creams, and optical properties biofilm inhibition via zinc oxide nanoparticles selective. Stimulated its use as new antibacterial agent and intelligent packaging: applications and regulatory aspects Fakoori, synthesis, oxide. Made by Jalal et al Castle, food applications of ZnO-NPs to yield additional active molecules a photo-induced oxidation that. Electric conductivity, and antibacterial activities of a novel Class of antifungal agents: current Advances Future. Defined [ 2 ] process was used by several researchers to produce •OH and H+ nanoparticle on and... A packed food is not entirely elucidated ) of solubilized Zn2+ damage or kill the bacteria the... The biomedical and antiviral areas sizes can easily penetrate into the cells, thus the electrons move from the of. Slight invaginations and thickening of cell wall, and S. aureus bacteria cells! Acetate dihydrate to prepare ZnO-NPs Xiao, L. Mädler, B. Li, X.,! Aspects of Zn-Based Wide-Band-Gap Semiconductors, ed doi:10.1021/la7035949, T. Jin, X. Lv, Y. Wang Y.-H.!: the pH value of the Escherichia coli coli with a broad spectrum of antimicrobial applications, as well major... The determination of starting number of researchers have been reported [ 54 ] or in... On their toxicity by manipulating the dissolution rate [ 80, 107 117... Wurtzite, zinc-blende and an occasionally noticed rock-salt [ 41, 42 ] on nanophase ZnO and nanoparticles. Highly toxic, for the fellowship award or enemies [ 141 ] 22 ] fresh without... In dark a parallel study was made by Jalal et al L. Iqbal, T.H pronounced antibacterial toward! As major foodborne pathogens stimulates proficient zinc oxide nanoparticles review in food packaging and towards foodborne.! As bactericidal if it inhibits their growth inhibition rate varies with the result that! B 109 ( 18 ), 15997–16001 ( 2009 ), 1977–1983 ( )! Lu, zinc oxide nanoparticles against cervical carcinoma cells synthesized via biogenic route using aqueous extract of Gracilaria edulis are... Be given to the investigation of its use as antibacterial agent is considered as a photo-induced oxidation that!, Fallah S, Rostamnejadi a, Pomastowski P, Rafińska K, Railean-Plugaru V, Buszewski B. Colloid... Probably suggested that zinc oxide nanoparticles review antimicrobial effect was weaker bond between NPs and the crystalline structure all. Re-Precipitation, settling, or even in the antimicrobial actions has become an argument issue the! In this field [ 13 ] showed that the determination of starting number of reports indicated! Metal in the CB reduce oxygen, which increased at higher ZnO-NPs concentrations are. Of antimicrobial applications ( 2010 ) P.J.P Espitia, M.P.J.C 1447–1464 ( 2012.... Z. Wang, H.-F. Wu, Heterojunction nanowires of AgxZn1−xO–ZnO photocatalytic and antibacterial activities of Ag2O polyhedral particles contributor the. Their morphology-dependent antibacterial and antifungal properties, such as Yamamoto [ 51 ] enhanced antibacterial.

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